This study found that the “Choosers” reported higher increases in positive mood, elation, energy, wellbeing and intellectual productivity after taking d-amphetamine than did the “Non-Choosers.” Choosers more accurately guessed that the colored pill containing d-amphetamine was in fact a stimulant as compared to the Non-Choosers. Eighty-one participants chose d-amphetamine and 31 chose the placebo pills. Participants were then asked to choose to take one of the colored pills. On a fifth “choice session” participants reported their response to both pills during the previous 4 visits-specifically, whether they “felt” an effect, whether they “liked” the feeling and whether they would “pay” for each pill. Importantly, pills were color coded and participants were not told which colored pill was the d-amphetamine and which was the placebo, although they were told that pills were one of the two. energy levels) and their heart rate and blood pressure was measured these measures were administered prior to taking the pills and every 30 minutes thereafter. During these visits, volunteers were asked about their current mood, subjective states (e.g. Prior to these visits, volunteers completed a personality assessment. Across 2 visits, 112 volunteers were administered 20mg of d-amphetamine per visit and placebo pills on 2 additional visits. Importantly, a higher dose of d-amphetamine (20mg) was used than previous studies because this dose has been shown to reliably induce euphoria. Murray et al attempts to expand upon prior findings. Another variable that could affect drug usage is personality, but despite a link to subjective drug response, it does not robustly predict usage according to prior research. One study found a negative baseline mood predicts amphetamine choice another found it was a positive baseline mood and others found that prior mood made no difference. Previous but contradictory research found that a person’s mood prior to using amphetamine effects future usage. Furthermore, a 1991 study suggests that Opiate usage continues even in the absence of euphoria.
However, the nausea induced by nicotine in first time users has been shown to predict subsequent usage.
According to previous research by this laboratory, the anxiety or depression induced in some individuals who use amphetamine predicts subsequent non-usage. But stimulants can also induce negative feelings. Many previous studies reviewed by this laboratory found that experiencing pleasure or euphoria after using stimulants like d-amphetamine predicts future usage.
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